苹果组培芽露地嫁接技术研究

提高苹果组培芽露地嫁接成活率的关键技术措施,主要有三个方面:培育壮芽,嫁接前对组培芽进行3至5天通风锻炼,增强其对外部环境条件的适应性;正确选择砧木及嫁接部位和方法,尽可能缩小砧穗间形态结构及木质化程度的差异,人为创造适宜的环境条件,搭棚遮荫避免阳光直射,适时灌水增加土壤及空气湿度,滴注激素促进接口愈合.本试验组培芽露地嫁接成活率达到93.3%,枝条最大月生长量为38厘米.     

Study of some factors affecting the growth and development of myoga (Zingiber mioga Roscoe)

In order to optimise production of the edible flower buds produced by myoga (Zingiber mioga Roscoe) a greater understanding of the growth and development of the plant and factors influencing flower initiation and development are required. The vegetative growth phase in myoga was characterised by a distinct period of pseudostem development from the planted rhizome piece followed by an extended period of rhizome growth from both the base of pseudostems and the planted rhizome piece. The transition from pseudostem formation to the initiation of rhizome growth occurred at the same time as the dry weight of the planted rhizome piece ceased to decline. Flower bud initiation and development occurred over an extended period, beginning soon after the commencement of new rhizome growth and ending prior to foliage senescence. Flower buds were observed at the terminal meristem of first, second, third and fourth order rhizomes. Increasing temperatures stimulated both increased vegetative growth and flower bud initiation and development. Low flower bud yields recorded under conditions of low temperature were the result of reduced rate of floral initiation and not abortion of flower buds. Increased shading of plants grown under glasshouse conditions resulted in reduced flower bud yield and similarly the response resulted from decreased initiation rather than abortion.     

五个典型柑桔品种的落花落果规律调查

以成年纽荷尔脐橙、兴津温州蜜柑、沙田柚、尤力克柠檬和圆金柑为材料，探索其花果脱落规律。结果表明，最终坐果率与总花量（含花蕾）显著负相关（P < 0.01）；平均单株花果脱落总数量为兴津温州蜜柑 > 纽荷尔脐橙 > 沙田柚 > 圆金柑 > 尤力克柠檬；平均单株花果脱落总干重为兴津温州蜜柑 > 纽荷尔脐橙 > 沙田柚 > 尤力克柠檬 > 圆金柑；纽荷尔脐橙、兴津温州蜜柑和沙田柚第一次生理落果数量大于第二次生理落果，尤力克柠檬和圆金柑第二次生理落果数量大于第一次生理落果。因此，纽荷尔脐橙、兴津温州蜜柑和沙田柚应重点防止第一次生理落果，尤力克柠檬和圆金柑应重点防止第二次生理落果。     

Absorption and fate of imazapyr in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula)

Imazapyr absorption, translocation, root release and metabolism were examined in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Leafy spurge plants were propagated from root cuttings and [¹⁴C]imazapyr was applied to growth-chambergrown plants in a water + 28% urea ammonium nitrate + nonionic surfactant solution (98.75 + 1 + 0.25 by volume). Plants were harvested two and eight days after herbicide treatment (DAT) and divided into: treated leaf, stem and leaves above treated leaf, stem and leaves below the treated leaf, crown, root, dormant and elongated adventitious shoot buds. Imazapyr absorption increased from 62.5% 2 DAT to 80.0% 8 DAT. Herbicide translocation out of the treated leaf and accumulation in roots and adventitious shoot buds was apparent 2 DAT. By the end of the eight-day translocation period only 14% of applied ¹⁴C remained in the treated leaf, while 17% had translocated into the root system. Elongated and dormant adventitious shoot buds accumulated 3.2- and 1.8-fold more ¹⁴C, respectively, 8 DAT than did root tissue based on Bq g^?1 dry weight. Root release of ¹⁴C was evident 2 DAT, and by 8 DAT 19.4% of the ¹⁴C reaching the root system was released into the rooting medium. There was no metabolism of imazapyr in crown, root or adventitious shoot buds 2 DAT; however, imazapyr metabolism was evident in the treated leaf 2 and 8 DAT. Imazapyr phytotoxicity to leafy spurge appears to result from high imazapyr absorption, translocation to underground meristematic areas (roots and adventitious shoot buds), and a slow rate of metabolism.     

杏胚珠培养及幼胚子叶不定芽诱导研究

以盛花后25、35、50、55、60d的凯特杏胚珠为外植体,研究胚珠培养的适宜条件;选择发育一致的幼胚子叶,研究不定芽的发生条件。结果表明,SH培养基是凯特杏胚珠培养的适宜培养基;盛花后25d的凯特杏胚珠(PF=0),仅采用生长培养不足以发育成可见胚,试验采用诱导方式获得了可见胚,诱导出胚率为80%;以MS为基本培养基,BA与NAA结合诱导能力强;但这种胚小且瘦弱,继续生长培养,利用幼胚子叶诱导不定芽。在幼胚子叶诱导不定芽方面,盛花后25、35d取样的凯特杏胚珠,培养后获得幼胚子叶,诱导不定芽的适宜TDZ质量浓度为1.25mg/L,诱导出芽率分别为85.00%、80.00%;盛花后50、55d取样的材料,适宜TDZ质量浓度为2.50mg/L,出芽率分别为65.00%、60.00%,而盛花后60d取样的材料,适宜TDZ质量浓度为5.0mg/L,出芽率为61.11%,不定芽主要发生在子叶的近轴面、胚轴连接处及子叶近轴端两侧;在相同培养基中,25℃进行21d暗培养,盛花后35、50、55、60d材料出芽率分别为72.22%、65.00%、60.00%、55.56%;4℃下28d暗培养,35、50、55、60d依次为59.09%,71.42%、77.78%、86.36%;对不定芽进行伸长、生根与快繁培养,获得了健康正常的植株。通过以上研究,建立了凯特杏幼胚4级培养体系,即(1)胚珠培养,获得可见胚(1级培养);(2)幼胚生长培养(胚培养),获得了健壮幼胚(2级培养);(3)幼胚子叶再生,获得不定芽(3级培养);(4)不定芽组培苗快繁(4级培养)。     

Mechanism of micronuclei formation in polyploidizated cells of Allium cepa exposed to trifluralin herbicide

The trifluralin is an agent that promotes a cellular damage due to its direct action on the microtubules. This action leads to a decontrol in the cellular division, bringing about polyploid cells. In this work, we show the evidences that the exceeding genetical material of theses polyploidizated cells tends to be eliminated from the nucleus in the form of micronucleus. Our analyses prove this fact, both by the presence of a number of cells carrying micronucleus, and by the evidences of the elimination of the exceeding material itself, after exposition of the Allium cepa root tips tested with several concentration of trifluralin herbicide. It was noticed that the residual concentration induced a number of polyploid cells, micronuclei and mini cells. Inferences about the implications of the elimination of genetic material from micronuclei, such as cell viability and apoptosis, are also presented.     

The occurrence of taste buds in adults of the terrestrial ceacilian Boulengerula boulengeri Tornier, 1898 (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona: Herpelidae)

Two generations of gustatory organs occur during amphibian ontogeny in frogs and salamanders (Anura and Caudata), and are classified as taste buds or taste discs. Taste buds are present in larval forms, whereas taste discs are typical for adults. The little research done on Gymnophiona suggests that only taste buds are present in aquatic forms (larvae and adults), and adults of the only terrestrial species studied had taste buds. Here we investigate the nature of gustatory organs in a terrestrial caecilian, Boulengerula boulengeri (Herpelidae), from Tanzania using standard light and scanning electron microscopy. We found only taste bud type organs to be present in B. boulengeri. These occur mainly in the mucosa of the front part of the oral cavity, usually near the teeth. Our results suggest that B. boulengeri possesses only one type of gustatory organ during its ontogeny.     

Spatial distribution patterns and environmental interpretation of Anthriscus sylvestris clonal buds

Anthriscus sylvestris, a weed found both in Europe and China, is a kind of representative clustered clonal plant and is a foe on dams and banks. It has been widely investigated in Europe for its powerful progenitive ability and tolerance to severely adverse environments. Our aims were to investigate and quantify its spatial distribution patterns in four types of community habitats, using a clustering method and adjacency lattice established by Greig-Smith. We concluded our environmental interpretation based on canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) appended to a Monte Carlo test with randomized seeding. The results indicate that the buds around the parent roots are in an aggregation distribution pattern in all scales (0.002–5.12 m²), but theoretical distribution fitting, like negative binomial and Poisson distribution, show that some sizes of several sampling locations are out of place. For this, spatial ordination gives a satisfactory answer implying the effect of environmental variables such as depth of humus layer, soil moisture, light condition, disturbance intensity and herb abundance. CCA accounts for 64.7% of the total environmental variation and the remaining variation may be counteracted in those five variances or can be interpreted by other factors like accumulating temperature, annual rainfall and altitude in landscape scale. With the aid of temporal sequencing, the suppressed type II (monodominant) may be the former mode of suppressed type I (stable type), where invasion is done with the help of disturbance from both humans and nature. The abundance of A. sylvestris can add to our cognition in diversity resistance hypothesis and our hypothesis on disturbance before or upon immigration. __________ Translated from Journal of Zhejiang Forestry Science and Technology, 2007, 27(3): 1–7, 11 [译自: 浙江林业科技]     

花椰菜雄性不育系组培快繁及无糖培养技术

以花椰菜雄性不育亲本的花球为外植体,进行组培快繁及无糖生产技术的研究。结果表明：在MS＋BA 1.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.3 mg/L的培养基上诱导,25 d时不定芽的分化率达到96%,继代增殖在MS＋BA 0.6 mg/L＋NAA 0.1 mg/L的培养基效果最好,增殖率可达4.25倍。无糖组织培养的培养基为MS无机成分＋NAA 0.1,光照4 000 lx,CO2浓度1 000 mL/L,11 d可大量生根。通过上述方法,1个花球,在4个月可生产上万株组培苗,是一种高效快速的方法。     

再生稻茎生腋芽的生育特性观察

为探索再生稻高产途径,观察了各节位茎生腋芽的分化、生长、穗粒发育性状和茎生器官形态.结果表明:茎生腋芽在母茎抽穗前按由下而上的节位顺序开始幼穗第一苞分化,在母茎抽穗后按由上而下的节位顺序进入一、二次枝梗分化;在顶端优势控制下,茎生腋芽至母茎黄熟前3 d才开始萌发,萌发成穗率随节位下移而降低,且生长先天不足,每穗粒数仅为母茎的三分之一.争取再生季高产的关键,是在头季收割保留上位优势芽的基础上,大力提高下部茎生腋芽的萌发率,形成比头季多70%～100%的穗数,以多穗补小穗的不足.倒3叶枕比倒2芽着生节部高8～16 cm,其高程可作为简捷诊断母茎适宜留桩高度的形态指标.